续257楼:
1. lamps and reflective devices灯和灯光反射器；
2. hood引擎盖；
3. trunk and door operation后备箱和车门开闭；
4. fuel and cooling systems燃料和冷却系统；
5. exhaust systems排气系统。
Over the years the standards have been modified several times. In 1978 the rule was changed from a “safety standard” to a “federal regulation” because the rule was not intended to protect occupants, other than in relation to fuel spillage, exhaust leakage, etc.
过去，这个标准已经被修改过几次。在1978年，这些规则从安全标准变更为联邦法典，因为这些规则是无意保护乘客的，其它因素还有燃料溢出、排气泄漏等。
Most importantly, there is was never any wording regarding the intention of any bumper standard to reduce potential injuries to occupants by means of reducing impact loads. Research has shown that bumper isolators, which are fluid and gas filled shock absorbers designed to prevent vehicle damage from collisions with barriers or other vehicles, can set the threshold of visible vehicular damage at delta Vs ranging from 8.1 to 12.4 mph in modern cars (1, 2, 3). Yet below this threshold, the occupant can be exposed to significant acceleration pulses. The reported threshold for soft tissue injury of the neck in healthy adult males is a (vehicle) delta V of 5 mph. Therefore, modern passenger vehicles can crash at nearly twice this injury threshold, yet appear undamaged. Similar effects are seen in cars equipped with polystyrene and polyurethane impact absorbing bumpers (4, 5).
最重要的是，在关于保险杠标准的目的的表述中，从来没有任何一个单词是与依靠减少撞击负载来减少潜在伤害以保护乘车人的内容有关的。研究已经表明，保险杠是一个隔离器，它不是固定不变的，它被设计成充满气体的缓冲块以预防汽车撞击障碍物或者撞击其它汽车的危险，现在小客车的可见的汽车的伤害极限范围是设定在德耳塔V（delta V），范围从8.1到12.4英里/小时（参见参考文献1，2，3）。但是，就是在这个极限范围之内的乘车人，也是暴露在重力加速度的脉冲之中的。据报告显示，在汽车的伤害极限是5英里/小时的德耳塔V（delta V）时，会对健康的男性成年人造成脖子的软组织挫伤。然而，现在的小客车的撞击，在还未见到损伤时，已经接近这个伤害极限范围的两倍。这还是出现在装备了聚苯乙烯和聚亚安脂的能够撞击吸能的保险杠时的效果（参见参考文献4，5)。
未完，接28页553楼。
[本回复最后由 wpgood 于2011-09-01 12:26:41 编辑]
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